Leeches :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Leeches   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The leech is a segmented worm that in all actuallity has a very vivid life. From being used by doctors to just being blood-sucking parasites, the leech is a true wonder of the mind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The leech has a series of ring-like segments that make up its body structure. They maybe from 2 to 20 centimeters long and have the ability to shorten or lengthen their bodies. They mostly come in colors of black, red or brown, sometimes with stripes or spots. They are extremely sensitive to touch, temperatue, and drying out. Also, they have clusters of cells on the front end thatare light-sensative, almost like eyes. Leeches usually live in dark, damp areas such as the bottoms of lakes, jungels, or shallow streams. Finally, the leech is a Hermaphrodit, containing bot male and female sexual reproductive organs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With a sucker at both ends of it's body, the leech usually lives as a parasite, feeding upon the blood and tissue of other animals, or on decaying plant and animal materials. It has a mouth centered on the front sucker with teeth in some cases. Leeches, that are parasites, attach to their victim with the front sucker, create a wound, then suck out blood with, usually, both suckers. Blood-sucking leeches give out a liquid substance called Hirudin. This chemical prevents the blood from thickening and enables the blood to be easily sucked by the leech.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Doctors once used leeches, or what they called medicinal leeches, to remove blood from patients in an orderly manner. The first clinical use of leeches in this fashion occured approximatly 2,500 years ago. Since the leeches bite produces a small cleeding wound ,that mimics a venous circulation in an area of compromised tissue, the leech is particlarly valuable for reconstruction surgery. Special properties of the bite, such as the chemical hirudin, allow continued bleeding for up to 48 hours after the leech

Breaking DES (Data Encryption Systems)

Data Encryption Standard (DES) is an algorithm for decrypting and encrypting unstipulated information in the United States administration standard. DES is derived from IBM’s Lucifer code and is depicted by the Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) 46, with its current modification being FIDS 46-3 (Conrad, 2007). DES is a mass code that takes a plaintext sequence as a key in and generates a code transcript wording of the same measurement lengthwise.The mass of the DES obstruct is 64 bits which is also the same for the input dimension even though the 8 bits of the key are for the recognition of faults making the efficient DES input amount 56 bits. Because of the progressions in the authority of dispensation in workstations there are weaknesses in the 56-bit key extent presently (Conrad, 2007). In the company of proper hardware, there is a best chance assault on methodical efforts to all the 72 quadrillion hence, there is a possibility of dissimilar inputs.Advanced Encr yption Standard (AES) developed into an innovative FIPS-standard encryption average in 2001, 26th November to replace DES. Statistics Encryption Algorithm explains the definite algorithm as contested to the average. In such circumstances, TDEA is a short form for Triple DES. At the same time, there is a description of Triple Data Encryption Algorithm Modes of Operation ANSI X9. 52-1998 (Clayton & Bond, 2002). History of DES DES was proposed in 1975 and approved in 1977 as a federal information processing standard. It was criticized by the people who felt that it’s 56 key lengths to be insecure.In spite of this, DES remained a strong encryption algorithm until mid 1990. In the year 1998 summer, the insecurity of DES was demonstrated when a $ 250,000 computer which was built by the electronic frontier foundation decrypted a DES-encoded message in 56 hours. This was improved in the 1999 to 2002 hours through a combination of 100,000 networked personal computers and the EFF machi ne. DES remains a de facto standard unless a substitute is found (Landau, 2000, p. 341). A certified DES is obtained from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).This Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) works in three key lengths: 128, 192, and 256 bits. The publication of DES indicated a new era in cryptography. The development in the community of public cryptographers was enhanced by having an algorithm availability of study that the national security agent certified to be secure (Landau, 2000, p. 341). The (DES) Data Encryption Standard A system that encrypts quickly but is essentially what is impossible to break is all what cryptographers have always wanted. Public key systems have captured the imagination of mathematicians because of their reliance on elementary number theory.Public key algorithms are used for establishing a key because they are too slow to be used for most data transmissions. Private key system does the encryption because they are typically fa ster than public key ones (Landau, 2000, p. 341). The data Encryption Standard (DES) workhorse uses private key algorithm besides relying on cryptographic design principles that predate public key. The RC4 in web browsers and the relatively insecure cable TV signal encryption are an exception to DES. DES is the most widely used public cryptosystem in the world. It is the cryptographic algorithm which is used by banks for electronic funds transfer.It is also used for the protection of civilian satellite communications. Still, a variant of DES is used for UNIX password protection. There are three operation of the DES which involves XOR, substitution and permutation. The DES is an interrelated block cipher and a cryptosystem on a block of symbols that sequentially repeats an internal function which is called a round. It encrypts data by the use of a primitive that operates on a block of symptoms of moderate size. Self invert ability is also essential to enable one of the objects to enc rypt and decrypt. When encrypting ordinary text, DES begins by grouping the text into 64 bit block.A number of operations are performed by the DES on each block (Landau, 2000, p. 343). The transformation of how the block is to be carried out is determined by a single key of 56 bits. DES iterates sixteen identical rounds of mixing; each round of DES uses a 48-bit sub key. The DES begins with an initial permutation P and ends with its inverse. The permutations are of minor cryptographic implications but forms part of the official algorithm. The selection of sub keys starts by splitting the 56-bit key into two 28-bit halves and rotating each half one or two bits; either one bit in rounds 1, 2, 9, and 16 or two bits otherwise.The two halves are put back together and then 48 particular bits are chosen and put in order (Landau, 2000, p. 343). Attacks of DES The selection of DES was followed by protests in which case some of the researchers appeared to object to the algorithm small key spa ce. Investors in the key public cryptography claimed that a DES encoded message could be broken in about a day by a $ 20 million machine made up of a million specially designed VLSI capable of searching one key per microsecond while working in parallel.The use of a meet in the middle attack to break a four round version of DES did not extend past seven rounds (Landau, 2000, p. 345). This is evidence that, for all these attacks none of them posed a serious threat to the DES. Other attacks on the DES were performed to poke harder to the innards of DES. This brought anomalies which led to the first attacks that were seen to be more theoretically better than exhaustive search. The attacks were against the block structure system and the need of all block-structured cryptosystems needed to be designed to be secure against differential and linear cryptanalysis.There is a strong attack to DES which is differential cryptanalysis. This is apparently known to the algorithms designers. In order to design a secure cryptosystems, there is a need for a mixture of well known principles, some theorems and the presence of some magic. Attacks on a cryptosystem fall into two categories which are passive attacks and active attacks. The passive attacks are the ones which adversely monitors the communication channel. They are usually easier to mount although they yield less. The active attacks have the adversary transmitting messages to obtain information (Landau, 2000, p.342). The aim of the attackers is to determine the plaintext from the cipher text which they capture. A more successful attack will determine the key and thus compromise a whole set of messages. By designing their algorithms, cryptographer’s help to resist attacks such as cipher text only attack whose adversary has access to the encrypted communications. The known plain text attack which has its adversary has some plain text and its corresponding cipher text. The third attack which can be avoided is the chos en text attack and its adversary chooses the plain text for encryption or decryption.The plain text chosen by the adversary depends on the cipher text received from the previous requests (Landau, 2000, p. 342). Observations about DES The simplicity found in the DES amounts to some fully desirable properties. To start with it is the complementation. To illustrate, allow X to denote the bitwise complement of X. If C is the DES encryption of the plaintext P with key K, then P is the DES encryption of P with key K. In some cases the complementation can simplify DES cryptanalysis by basically cutting the investigating space in half.These properties do not cause serious weakness in the algorithm. The set generated by the DES permutations do not form a group. The group may have at least 102499 elements. There is strength in the DES when it lacks a group structure. It appears to be double encryption where this is twice by two different keys, EK2 (EK1 (P) and is not stronger than single encr yption. The reason is that when meeting in the middle attacks for a given plaintext cipher text pair, an adversary will compute all 256 possible enciphering of the plaintext i. e.EKi (P), and indexes the same. The adversary will then compute all possible deciphering of the cipher text (Landau, 2000, p. 345). Models of DES There are four forms of DES, which are accepted by FIPS 81. They include (ECB) Electronic Codebook form, code mass sequence form (CFB), productivity reaction form (OFB) and system response (CFB). The forms are used to with both DES and Triple DES. Within each form, there are main dissimilarities which are based on the fault proliferation and obstruct vs. tributary codes (Conrad, 2007). Electronic Codebook (ECB) ModeIn this form of encryption, there is sovereign encryption into respective blocks of codes text. It is done by means of Feistel code which generates 16 sub-inputs derived from the symmetric input and also encrypts the plaintext using 16 surroundings of co nversion. Similarly, the development is used in the conversion of code text reverse into simple text with the dissimilarity that, 16 sub inputs are contributed in overturn arrangement. The result of repeated blocks of identical plaintext is the repeated blocks of cipher text which is capable of assisting in the vault investigation of the code wording.In Appendix 1 there is an illustration of the result (Conrad, 2007). The first picture of SANS symbol is the bitmap layout. The second picture is the encrypted logo of SANS bitmap via DES ECB form. The visibility of the model is due to the recurring of masses of the simple wording pixels in the bitmap which are encrypted into masses which are repeated and are of particular code pixels. In this form, faults do not proliferate due to the autonomous encryption of each obstruct. Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) ModeThe CBC form is an obstruct code which XORs every original obstruct of simple wording with the previous block of code wording. This indicates that repeated obstructs of simple wording do not give rise to repeated obstructs of code wording. CBC uses a vector of initialization which is an arbitrary original obstructs used to make sure that two simple wordings result in different code wordings. In figure 2 of the Appendix there is a clear illustration of the same SANS symbol bitmap data, encrypted with DES CBC form. There is no visibility of any prototype which is true for all DES forms apart from ECB.Therefore, in this mode, there is proliferation of faults as each prior step’s encrypted output is XORed with the original obstructing of simple wording (Conrad, 2007). Cipher Feedback (CFB) Mode The Cipher Feedback Mode is a tributary code that encrypts simple wording by breaking into X (1-64) bits. This permits encryption of the level of byte or bits. This mode uses an arbitrary vector of initialization. The preceding elements of code wording are XORed with consequent components of code wording. Therefore, in this mode of CBC there is proliferation of faults (Conrad, 2007).Output Feedback (OFB) Mode Similar to CFB form, the productivity reaction form makes use of the vector of random initialization and also encrypts simple wording by shattering downward into a tributary by encrypting components of X (1-64) bits of simple wording. This form fluctuates from CFB form by generating a simulated-arbitrary tributary of productivity which is XORed with the plaintext during every step. Therefore, the productivity is fed back to the simple wording and because the output is XORed to the simple wording, faults there is no proliferation of mistakes (Conrad, 2007).Counter (CTR) Mode The oppose form is a tributary code similar to OFB form. The main disparity is the accumulation of contradict obstructs. The offset can be supplementary to an arbitrary importance that is used only once and then increased for each component of simple wording that is encrypted. The initial counter obstructs acts as a vecto r of initialization. Therefore, in each surrounding there is XORing of the offset obstructs with simple wording. Accumulation of offset obstructs permits disintegration of encryption into equivalent phases, improving presentation on a suitable hardware.There is no proliferation of mistakes (Clayton & Bond, 2002). (Table 1 in the Appendix summarizes the Data Encryption Standard). Triple DES (T DES) In anticipation of 2030, TDES can be used as FIPS encryption algorithm which is permitted in order to allow conversion to AES. There are three surroundings of DES which are used by TDES which have an input extent of 168 bits (56 * 3). There is a possibility of reduced effective key length of TDES to roughly 12 bits though beast might assaults against TDES re not realistic at present (Conrad, 2007).Architecture for Cryptanalysis All modern day practical ciphers both symmetrical and asymmetrical make use of security apparatus depending on their key length. In so doing, they provide a margin of security to cover from computational attacks with present computers. Depending on the level of security which is chosen for any software application, many ciphers are prone to attacks which unique machines having for instance a cost-performance ratio (Guneysu, 2006).Reconfigurable computing has been recognized as way of reducing costs while also acting as an alternative to a variety of applications which need the power of a custom hardware and the flexibility of software based design such as the case of rapid prototyping (Diffie & Hellman, 1977, pp. 74-84). What this means is that cryptanalysis of today’s cryptographic algorithms need a lot of computation efforts. Such applications map by nature to hardware based design, which require repetitive mapping of the main block, and is easy to extend by putting in place additional chips as is needed.However, it should be noted that the mere presence of resources for computation is not the main problem. The main problem is availab ility of affordable massive computational resources. The non-recurring engineering costs have enabled hardware meant for special purpose cryptanalysis in virtually all practicable situations unreachable. This has been unreachable to either commercial or research institutions, which has only been taken by government agencies as feasible (Diffie & Hellman, 1977, pp. 74-84).The other alternative to distributed computing with loosely coupled processors finds its base on the idle circles of the large number of computers connected through the internet. This method has considerably been successful for some applications. However, the verified detection of extraterrestrial life is considerably still a problem more so for unviable problems with power of computing in a particular organization (Guneysu, 2006). In cryptanalysis some algorithms are very suitable for special-purpose hardware.One main example for this is the search for the data encryption standard (DES) (FIPS, 1977). What this mean s is that a brute- force attack is more than twice the magnitude faster when put in place on FPGA’s as opposed to in software on computers meant for general purposes at relatively the same costs (FIPS, 1977). That notwithstanding, for many crypto algorithms the advantages due to cost-performance of hardware meant for special purposes over those meant for ordinary purposes is not really as dramatic as is usually the case of DES, more so for public-key algorithms (Guneysu, 2006).Arising from the advent of low-cost FPGA families with much logic approaches recently, field programmable gate arrays offer a very interesting way for the thorough computational effort which cryptanalysis needs (Lesnsta & Verheul, 2001, pp. 255-293). Many algorithms dealing with the most important problems in cryptanalysis is capable of being put in place on FPGAs. Code breaking though, requires more additional efforts as opposed to just programming a single FPGA with a certain algorithm (Electronic Fro ntier Foundation, 1998).Owing to the enormous perspectives of cryptanalysis problems, many more resources as opposed to FPGA are needed. This implies that the main need is massively powerful parallel machinery suited to the requirements of targeted algorithms. Many problems are capable of being put in parallel and are perfectly suited for an architecture distributed. Conventional parallel architectures for computing can theoretically be used for applications of cryptanalysis (Guneysu, 2006). An optical Architecture to Break Ciphers The targeted DES brute force attack has several characteristics.To begin with, expensive computational operations which are put in parallel. Next, there is no need of communication between single parallel instances. The next characteristic is the fact that the general expense for communication is not high owing to the fact that the stage of computation strongly outweighs the data input and output stages. According to Blaze et al, (1996), communication is almost entirely used for results reporting as well as initialization. A central control instance with regards to communication is capable of being accomplished by a conventional low cost personal computer, connected simply by an interface.This would imply that there is no need for a high-speed communication interface. The fourth characteristic is the fact that a DES brute-force attack and its following implementation require little memory. The final consequence of the above is the fact that the available memory on present day low cost FPGAs is sufficient (Guneysu, 2006). What this implies is that by making use of low-cost FPGAs, it is possible to develop a cost effective dynamic architecture which is capable of being reprogrammed which would be able to accommodate all the targeted architectures (Blaze et al, 1996).Realization of COPACOBANA Drawing back, the Cost-Optimized Parallel Code Breaker (COPACOBANA) meeting the needs available comprise of several independent-low prized FPGAs, connected to a hosting PC by way of a standard interface such as a USB. Moreover, such a standard interface permits to extend a host-PC with more than one device of COPACOBANA. The initialization of FPGAs, the control as well as the process of results accumulation is carried out by the host. Critical computations are carried out by the FPGAs, which meet the actual cryptanalytical architecture (Schleiffer, 2006).Developing a system of the above speculations with FPGA boards which are commercially available is certainly possible but at a cost. Therefore it is important to put into considerations the design and layout among others in coming up with the above kind of system (Schleiffer, 2006). This would therefore mean that our cost-performance design meant for cost optimization is only capable of being achieved if all functionalities are restricted to those required for code breaking. Arty the same time, many designs choices should be based on components and interfaces which are readi ly available (Guneysu, 2006).Conclusion In conclusion, cryptanalysis of symmetric and asymmetric ciphers is extremely demanding in terms of computations. It would be fair to hold the belief that breaking codes with conventional PCs as well as super-computers is very much costly. Bit-sizes of keys should be chosen in a way that traditional methods of code breaking do not succeed (Rouvroy et al 2003, pp. 181-193). This would mean that the only way to go through ciphers is to develop special-purpose hardware purposely meant for suitable algorithms.In the final analysis, traditional parallel architecture in the end equally appears to be too complicated and therefore not cost saving in finding solutions to cryptanalytical problems. As earlier observed, many of these problems can easily be put in parallel implying that the algorithms which correspond to them are equally capable of being parameterized to lower communication costs (Guneysu, 2006). A hardware architecture which is cost effec tive (COPACOBANA) is the end product of the algorithmic requirements of the intended problems of cryptanalysis.This work represents not only the design but also the first prototype of an effective design which meets the demands of the request. In the final analysis, COPACOBANA would be able to accommodate as many as 120 FPGAs which are less costly. At the same time, it is possible to break data encryption standard (DES) within a period of nine days. This would require a hardware design comprising of reprogrammable logic which could be adopted to accommodate any task, even those not necessarily in line with code breaking (Rouvroy et al 2003, pp. 181-193). References Blaze, M.. , Diffie, W. , Rivest, R. L., Scheiner, B. , Shimomura, E. , and Weiner, M (1996). Minimal Key Lengths for Symmetry Ciphers to Provide Adequate Commercial Security. Ad Hoc Group of Cryptographers and Computer Scientists. Retrieved from December, 13, 2008 from http://www. counterpane. com/keylength. html. Clayto n, R. and Bond, M. (2002). Experience Using a Low-Cost FPGA Design to Crack DES Keys. In B. S. Kaliski, C. K. Koc Cetin, and C. Paar, editors, Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems – CHES 2002, 4th International Workshop, Redwood Shores, CA, USA,volume 2523 of series, pages 579 – 592. Springer-Verlag. Conrad, E. (2007).Data Encryption Standard, The SANS Institute Diffie, W & Hellman, M. E. (1977). Exhaustive cryptanalysis of the NBS Data Encryption Standard. Computer, 10(6): 74-84 Electronic Frontier Foundation. (1998). Cracking DES: Secrets of Encryption Research, Wiretap Poolitics & Chip Design. O’Reilly & Associates Inc. Federal Information Processing Standard. (1977). Data Encryption Standard, U. S Department of Commerce. Guneysu, T. E. (2006). Efficient Hardware Architecture for Solving the Discrete Logarithm Problem on Elliptic Curves. AAmasters thesis, Horst Gortz Institute, Ruhr University of Bochum. Landau, S.(2000). Standing the Test of Time: The Data Encryption Standard vol. 47, 3, pp. 341-349. Lenstra, A and Verheul, E. (2001). Selecting Cryptographic Key Sizes. Journal of Cryptology, 14(4):255–293. Rouvroy, G. , Standaert, F. X. , Quisquater, J. , and Legat, D. (2003). Design Strategies and Modified Descriptions to Optimize Cipher FPGA Implementations: Fast and Compact Results for DES and Triple-DES. In Field-Programmable Logic and Applications- FPL, pp. 181-193 Schleiffer, C. (2006). Design of Host Interface for COPACOBANA. Technical report, Studienarbeit, Host Gortz Institute, Ruhr University Bochum

Live Television Essay - 807 Words

Live Television In the Article The Concept of Live Television: Ontology as Ideology, Jane Feuer presents the idea of liveness in television. Television as an institution identifies all messages emanating from the apparatus as live. However in the technological advances, the meaning of live has greatly changed. Computerized editing equipment has made editing as flexible as most film editing. Much of this new equipment is used for the recording and freezing of live sports events that were supposed to be the glory of the medium. Even in terms of the simplest conception, live television is a collage of film, video, and live all woven into a complex scheme. Another point made in her article is the concept of flow as a†¦show more content†¦I know that I usually turn the television on for background noise and I rarely sit down and only watch television. Even as I write this paper the television is on in the background, not really being watched. Television then becomes an extremely ordinary experience, since the property of flow seems so real and ordinary. One key point I found interesting was how the network television never truly exploits its capacity for instantaneous and unmediated transmission. Only the ideological connotations of live television are exploited in order to overcome the contradiction between flow and fragmentation in television practice. So even when the public thinks they are watching a live broadcast of say a sports event, the networks are still cutting back and forth between events, and freezing certain segments and replaying them, not to mention the breaks for commercials. However the idea of liveness overrules all of this. The idea of the morning television program creates a perfect study of this ideology of a live program. The flow of these programs alternates between different medias and between local and national stories. There is a constant clock on the bottom of the screen during these programs in order to remind you that what you are watching is indeed live. The live interviews that are done on the show are edited in a way to create the illusion of the interviewer and the interviewee being in the same live space together as the audience.Show MoreRelatedTelevision In the Lives of Children Essay2610 Words   |  11 PagesTelevision In The Lives Of Children Consistently, everywhere, in this century there seems to be some form of a TV screen. These screens appear in restaurants, schools, at work, at home, and quite possibly more. What is forgotten in society is how that screen may affect the lives of the children in this modern world. When children are constantly watching a television screen there may be consequences to their health and education. Most parents do not have the ability to control what is shown on TVRead MoreTelevision And Its Impact On Our Lives1818 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction As any devices we use in our everyday life, television is a part that can provide many several opportunities to identify the concept of the world and how it goes as we are not being in everywhere around the world of course. The TV is a portal that teleports you to another dimension which may let you explore and see the variety of people’s ideas, beliefs, values and other significant things that some people believe in. Television can be defined as an extremely efficient style of interactingRead MoreTelevision Has Changed Our Lives1592 Words   |  7 PagesTelevision has been an everyday experience on most people’s lives for the last 80 years. Over these years it has changed the way people see the world and how people got their news. It has changed people socially; it has sparked fads and fashion. 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She also talks about how these reality shows have an impact on our lives, from perspectives on beauty standardsRead MoreTelevision ´s Role in People ´s Lives541 Words   |  2 PagesRole of TV For the past 5 or 6 decades now the role of the television has been highly pronounced. But the major role TV has taken upon itself is to inform the public about almost everything. There is hardly a channel or network that does not cover this issue or that one. Nothing escapes the media. But has it really been that efficient that it has been able to control and inform about these natural and human generated tragedies? Of late the opinion has been that TV goes too far in its detailed coverageRead MoreTelevision Is A Key Component Of Our Daily Lives2485 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction A television is a machine with a screen that is capable of displaying images. Televisions receive broadcast signals and turn them into pictures and sound. Although debated, the TV is often credited as being invented by Vladimir Zworykin a Russian-born American who worked for Westinghouse, and Philo Taylor Farnsworth, a boy in Beaver City, Utah. Vladimir held the patent for the TV, but it was Farnsworth who was the first person to first successfully transmit a TV signal on September 7Read MoreHow Has Television Changed Our Lives? Essay719 Words   |  3 PagesDecember 8, 2012 English 4061-3 Joseph Mitchell Marques Topic: How has television changed our lives? A. Television a.) Educational b.) Entertainment c.) Informative II. Positive effects of television * Gives information for viewers. * Teach people how to live in their lives. * To see different cultures. * Educates people in a precise way. III. Negative effects of television * It teaches the children to be stupid by using pranks or comedy. * ShowsRead MoreTelevision And Its Effects On The Lives Of So Many People855 Words   |  4 Pagesa career in television since as long as I can remember. Since I was little, watching television has been one of my favorite pastimes. I think television is so important because of what it is able to achieve, and am fascinated about all of its applications. Television has given me a better insight into what is going on in the world around me through broadcast and cable news programing. I would love to be a part of the television industry, as television has the ability to reach the lives of so manyRead MoreTelevision Greatly Affects Our Lives Essay1592 Words   |  7 PagesTelevision - one of the most popular entertainments. But it is also a factor that greatly affects our lives. In fact, television seriously affects us, our actions and even the ideology. If such media as radio or the printed word sidelined, the TV continues to firmly hold the leading position as the main source of media. Really hard to imagine a person or family, without costing a blue screen. Rating TV channels, up shows the number of fans online TV. Television carries all children and young peopleRead MoreThe Effects Of Television On Our Lives1586 Words   |  7 PagesThe saying the grass isn’t always greener on the other side comes to mind when watching TV commercials today. Too many commercials on television today try to make it seem like their product is better than the alternative. When I say the alternative, I mean the original version of products and foods. There are plenty of better foods and products than Pediasure, Yoplait yogurt, and Little Critters gummy. Pediasure, Yoplait yogurt, and Little Critters gummy vitamins are three commercials that all trick

Essay on Sayo Masuda’s Autobiography of a Geisha - 765 Words

Sayo Masuda’s Autobiography of a Geisha Autobiography of a Geisha was originally written for a memoir competition run by the Japanese magazine Housewife’s Companion. Sayo Masuda wrote and submitted her manuscript in hopes of winning the monetary prize offered. She won second place in the competition and came to the attention of an editor who helped her expand her story and publish it as a book. Riding on the wave of interest stirred by Arthur Golden’s Memoirs of a Geisha, G. G. Rowley translated Sayo Masuda’s tale for the American market. Rowley did an excellent job of capturing Masuda’s voice in his translation. If English had been Masuda’s native language, the result might easily have been Rowley’s translation. Masuda’s tale†¦show more content†¦Readers will also come away with an understanding of the hot-spring geisha’s life, but caution should be taken. It is easy, as many critics have done, to presume that Masuda’s tale is the unvarnished truth about the entire geisha world, rather than merely the unvarnished truth about a part of it. Reviewer Kimberly Shearer Palmer wrote that Autobiography of a Geisha â€Å"resolves the ambiguity over whether or not geisha are prostitutes†¦ [Masuda] leaves little doubt in the reader’s mind that even the most talented geisha are forced to sleep with men for money, a fact glossed over in many accounts of the profession.† (14). Palmer leaves little doubt in the minds of those who read her review that she takes M asuda’s experiences of geisha life as true for all classes of geisha, regarding sources such as Mineko Iwasaki’s Geisha, A Life as tainted. Many other reviewers follow in the same vein, calling reports of higher-class geisha’s lives â€Å"romanticized† (Napier) and â€Å"Hollywood version[s]† (Gavin). Perhaps these attitudes stem from a culture clash which prevents many Americans from understanding the differences between Japanese prostitutes and geisha, and the gradations within the flower and willow world. The tendency seems to be to lump all geisha together with the term â€Å"prostitute,† an attitude which is all too eager to use Masuda’s biography to support generalized, culturally skewed assumptions about geisha. Kirkus Reviews gets it right inShow MoreRelatedThe Geisha1551 Words   |  6 PagesGeisha The geisha has been the subject of innumerable books and films focusing on the myth of the profession and the culture in which she represented. Various portrayals of the geisha have focused on different aspects of their lifestyle and the different versions also have varying degrees of accuracy in their depictions. In three different films and one book, four different groups try to explain exactly what it was like for people who lived as geishas or alongside these women. Some versions of

The Pending Penalty Essay - 887 Words

With the falling prices of cell phones more and more people have the luxury of owning one. This also affects the ever growing number of people who text each other, but sadly these people do not realize that if they cannot put down their phone they could die. Convicted drunk drivers who present a constant danger to the safety of others have to take a special class, and due to fact that texting and driving ultimately creates crashes it should have similar consequences. Statistics show that texting and driving has a higher chance to causes accidents than intoxicated drivers. The reason that texting has such a high chance to create an accident lies in the fact that the person texting focuses on the phone instead of the road. On the other†¦show more content†¦These numbers should have people at least consider the idea that sending one message to a friend should not be as important as to risk one’s own life. People caught driving while intoxicated receive a specific punishm ent to help prevent further offences. People caught drinking and driving can suffer a large number of penalties even at the first offence. Some of the penalties include â€Å"fines, license restrictions, mandatory attendance at alcohol education classes or counseling, or community service† (Drunk). The reason the class is required is because alcohol has proven to be addicting to some individuals. These individuals need help if they can hope to avoid drinking and driving. The class generally will consist of a program for all addicts not just those who are charged with Driving Under the Influence (DUI). The idea works for both people who abuse alcohol regularly and those who only abuse it occasionally. For the moderate to rare abusers the program will force them to see and interact with people who have a serious addiction, and seeing the addicts can help scare them away from bad choices regarding alcohol for a while. The addicted people can not only benefit from the class, but they can also receive more help if they desire or require it. Considering the punishments that drunk drivers receive, people caught texting and driving should acquire a similar punishment. Sending texts varies greatly from drinking andShow MoreRelatedTexas 85th Legislative Session1630 Words   |  7 Pagesdescribed. Some of the bills only affect only a few people, but there are a good number of bills that are very controversial and will affect a great number of individuals. This paper will examine bills in the Texas 85th Legislature session that are pending, have passed, or have failed. There are some very controversial and intense bills that are making their way through the legislature. One of these bills is Senate Bill 6. 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Culture and Anthropology Free Essays

Evidently culture is difficult to be defined from a single definition. E. B. We will write a custom essay sample on Culture and Anthropology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tylor, in 1871 described culture as â€Å"that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society† this explanation however, is just a wide collection of different categories that all combined together give rise to the term. A much more accurate term of culture is the one suggested by Ralph Linton, as â€Å"the configuration of learned behavior and results of behavior whose component elements are shared and transmitted by the members of a particular society†. In this term we observe an obvious behaviorist approach which connects culture with the concept of learned behavior and more precisely with the importance of language. Finally Victor Barnouw, based on the previous behaviorist definition, names culture as â€Å"the way of life of a group of people, the configuration of all of the more or less stereotyped patterns of learned behavior which are handed down from one generation to the next through the means of language and imitation† (Victor Barnouw, 1963). Throughout investigating various definitions of culture we accomplished a correlation between learning (mostly through language) and enculturation. Enculturation is a lifelong unconscious process and each child learns the language of its community by imitation, instruction, and from the verbal behavior of others. The capacity of human beings to enlarge and transmit complex cultural patterns is dependent upon language. Then the idea of learning a language is equivalent with the idea of learning a culture. In most of the cases, no individual is aware of all the elements that create his culture but by the time he is grown, he has most probably learned the universal beliefs shared by the members of his community. Cultures vary from the importance they put on formal education as opposed to informal learning. Formal education is present in complex societies with the form of teaching institutes; nevertheless informal education is present within the family and peer group that have equally important role in enculturation. In addition to the importance of language, many societies give great significance even in the vocabulary used by very young children. Charles Ferguson has made a comparative study of infant talk in various societies and the results were fascinating similarities in phonology and morphology as well as the repetition of syllables (â€Å"bye-bye†, â€Å"pee-pee†). The most important reason why anthropologists should study young children’s speech is because it indicates a great deal about the child’s world, as well as its cultural perspective (Philip K. Bock, 1974). From the wide-ranging area of culture to the much more defined function of language, the sphere of research around the study of a particular group of people within the same boarder lines of a city is easier understood if the researcher (anthropologist) concentrates the interest of his attention, around a variety of traits with a common base the formal teaching or the informal learning from the inner community, always through the usage of language as an unconscious procedure. When you live in city like Athens and in general into a comparatively small country like Greece, an idea of universality is created in the individual. This might be the result of the modern-informational ages we are living or the outcomes of globalization that puts pressure on the individual to think always â€Å"big† and fast and not to stop in small details or differences. But in the end, those small differences compose our everyday lives and our everyday morality and finally time is needed to reveal those differences that the most of us wrongly take for granted. How to cite Culture and Anthropology, Papers

Beginnings free essay sample

All great things in life start with an even greater beginning. When I was 12 years old I joined my first competitive swim team; I swam for the downtown Suffolk YMCA. At first I only swam because of all of my friends that swam and I wanted to spend more time with them, but then realized how much more potential I had In swimming. After that moment I started to become more and more dedicated to swimming. I began to realize the true competitive nature of swimming and I liked It.Swimming has become a big part of my life since then and the beginning Is the most Important art to all good decisions. I first started swimming to be with friends and to make new friends. After we were on the same team we started to challenge each other and race one another to see who was the fastest. Thats how I began to see the competitive nature of slamming. We will write a custom essay sample on Beginnings or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nick Burton and Joey Kauffman are two guys I started racing me near the beginning of my swimming career and I soul race them now to get better. My family always supported me when I went to my meets.My brother would be swimming in the same et, he could be in the next event, but he always took time to cheer for me: Then, I started to do the same for him. My mom is the only reason I could even do swimming, without her I would never have had a ride to any practices. Karen Keenan was my first coach on ODDS; she is the reason I am where I am at today. The first team I ever Joined the YMCA cancelled the entire swimming team program. I had a choice put in front of me: stop sports all together,Join ODDS, or find another mediocre swim team. I chose to Join ODDS; ODDS stands for Old DominionAquatic Club. Once I Joined ODDS I began to practice more and more. I spent more and more and more energy on practices and I could feel myself getting better, so it was equivalent to a new beginning in my eyes. I was more prepared to race on a higher level and I wanted to. After I got my first tastes of true competition, all I wanted was more of it. I began to practice harder than I ever had before in order to get to the next level. The next level for me was to get 3 state championship time standards and make it to the high performance group.Once I made t there I did not stop I still wanted to get better and try my hardest; there is always a higher goal. My next goal was to make national standards; I did not stop there, my new goal Is to make the US Open and race against the top athletes in this country. In Conclusion, Swimming Is one of my greatest achievements; I only made It this far because of how I began In swimming. Beginnings are one of the most Important parts of beginning something new, along with Influential people, A lot of dedication, and a strive to do more than you ever have before.Those key factors are the reasons some people get so good at what they do. Just always remember, Beginnings are Important. Beginnings By loosing old I Joined my first competitive swim team; I swam for the downtown Suffolk YMCA. More time with them, but then realized how much more potential I had in swimming. Began to realize the true competitive nature of swimming and I liked it. Swimming has become a big part of my life since then and the beginning is the most important who was the fastest. Thats how I began to see the competitive nature of swimming.Nick Burton and Joey Kauffman are two guys I started racing me near the beginning of my swimming career and I still race them now to get better. My family always meet, he could be in the next event, but he always took time to cheer for me; Then, I program. I had a choice put in front of me: stop sports all together, Join ODDS, or find standards; I did not stop there, my new goal is to make the US Open and race against In Conclusion, Swimming is one of my greatest achievements; I only made it this far because of how I began in swimming. Beginnings are one of the most important important.